The inference rules are designed to de-rive all implied subsumptions, while guaranteeing that only a bounded number of consequences is derived. Each individual develops his own core values and ethical reasoning according to his view of integrity and honesty, and ability to look past the . Abstract: Description logics (DLs) are knowledge representation languages that provide the theoretical underpinning for modern ontology languages such as OWL and serve as the basis for the development of ontology reasoners and tools. Define consequence. consequence-based theory synonyms, consequence-based theory pronunciation, consequence-based theory translation, English dictionary definition of consequence-based theory. ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. logical consequence to not cleaning up after a snack may be that the child's access to the next activity is delayed. Reasoning about energetic influences has much greater explanatory power than teleological reasoning taking the consequence of mechanistic steps as the reason for their prediction. There are two elements to the evaluation process. Don't do wrong things . Consequence-based (CB) calculi emerged as a promising approach to DL reasoning combining ideas from tableau and resolution. In the ought part, I enter the normative discourse by addressing some philosophical, jurisprudential and pragmatic arguments for and against consequence-based legal reasoning. Juan and Joe are working the night shift, and while playing . Reasoning allows you to weigh the benefits and disadvantages of two or more courses of action before choosing the one with the most benefit or the one that suits your needs. Effective data from 160 fifth-grade students were collected for a confirmatory factor analysis and subjected to . . Consequence-based (CB) reasoning [9] has emerged as a successful paradigm for e ciently solving such reasoning tasks. Part of their duties is to be sure that the standby equipment is ready for service on the wards. Problem- oriented policing is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems‚ in order to develop effective response strategies in conjunction with ongoing assessment. The emphasis in problem- oriented policing is on directing attention to the broad range of problems the community teleological or consequence oriented theory. Consequence definition, the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier: The accident was the consequence of reckless driving. Analogical reasoning compares (or contrasts) the facts of a yet-to-be-decided case with the facts of a Extending Consequence−Based Reasoning to SRIQ (Technical Report). Many of the reasoning procedures we present are based on the idea of passing messages between partitions. Fi. Consequential reasoning relevant to moral development has not been effectively practised in elementary schools in Taiwan. Consequence-based (CB) calculi have emerged as a promising approach to DL reasoning combining features of (hyper)tableau and resolution [Baader et al. Step three determines the benefits and harm produced by the action. Do it because it's the right thing to do. Imagine that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency gets wind of a plot to set off a dirty bomb in a major American city. Do the right thing. Best Answer. 2016].On the one hand, similarly to resolution, they derive formulae entailed by the ontology (thus avoiding the explicit construction of large models), and they are typically worst-case optimal. Do the right thing. A difficulty in extending such procedures is that non-Horn axioms seem to require reasoning by case, which causes non-determinism in tableau-based procedures. Decisions are based around moral standards, rights, fairness, and principles. Rule-based ethical reasoning creates laws that are impartial, applying the same . from the consequence-based and tableau-based worlds: It retains the optimal worst-case complexity, goal directedness, and the "granularity" property of consequence-based reasoning (i.e. First, we present a very general consequence-based reasoning algorithm that can be instantiated so as to capture the . In both cases, however, the same backward-oriented reasoning is applied. We examine a range of classification and gen- Consequence-based calculi are a family of reasoning algorithms for description logics (DLs), and they combine hyper-tableau and resolution in a way that often . Is it permissible for them to torture the suspect into revealing the bomb's . 2 Review 14 terms Jae_Lynn203 Law & ethics 2 13 terms josh6640 Consequence-based reasoning is a promising approach to DL reasoning which can be traced back to the work of Franz Baader and his group on efficient subsumption algorithms for the family of DLs . 31-54 (Law and Philosophy Library; 98). Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. As legal arguments based on economic theory are a subset of consequence-based arguments, the insights about consequence-based reasoning are also relevant for any . Don't do wrong things . Consequence-based reasoning for ontology classification. See more. At the 1 the most common form of consequence oriented 1. Associated with each partition is a reasoning procedure. by either anticipating consequences of actions or re-ranking predictions based on their adherence to normative and narrative constraints. Effective reasoning can only occur if your client is able to read between the lines when listening to verbal information or to make the correct judgment when interpreting visual information. 3. a provisional statement or set of explanatory propositions that purports to account for or characterize some phenomenon. such algorithms are sometimes called consequence-based. The inference rules are designed to de-rive all implied subsumptions, while guaranteeing that only a bounded number of consequences is derived. ordered resolution to deal with disjunctive axioms one … Ethical Reasoning Most human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others, even for society as a whole. This approach combines some of the most e ective features of (hyper)tableau [7,21,25,23,15] and resolution-based [8,14,11] reasoning algorithms. Consequence-based reasoning is a promising approach to DL reasoning which can be traced back to the work of Franz Baader and his group on efficient subsumption algorithms for the \(\mathcal {EL}\) family of DLs circa 2004. We present algorithms for reasoning using forward message-passing and using backward message-passing with partitions of logical axioms. The plus model should be expanded to incorporate specific consideration of the ethical reasoning theories discussed above. ries 1. 4 an opinion arrived at through a process of reasoning I am able to deduce several consequences from those premises; Synonyms for consequence. Consequence-based ontology reasoning procedures have so far been known only for Horn ontology languages. Abstract reasoning; speculation: a decision based on experience rather than theory. RED. They both graduated from the same program and have gone to work in the same radiography department. Consequence-based arguments in legal reasoning : A jurisprudential preface to . Extending Consequence−Based Reasoning to SHIQ In Proceedings of the 28th International Workshop on Description Logics . Consequence: a condition or occurrence traceable to a cause. Finally, in the analytical core of the paper, the conceivability, feasibility and desirability of the judicial . Finally, it evaluates those possible consequences to select the alternative that generate the greatest good. arXiv:1602.04498 [cs.AI]. Many of the reasoning procedures we present are based on the idea of passing messages between partitions. Ethical Reasoning and the Law. Consequence-based (CB) reasoning [9] has emerged as a successful paradigm for e ciently solving such reasoning tasks. teleological ethics, (teleological from Greek telos, "end"; logos, "science"), theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. Do it because it's the right thing to do. Rule-based reasoning relies on the use of syllogisms, or arguments based on formal logic. 5. These are the three basic schools of thought for ethics - the "ethical triangle" - which are worthy of . A difficulty in extending such procedures is that non-Horn axioms seem to require reasoning by case, which causes non-determinism in tableau-based procedures. On the one hand, similarly to resolution, In this paper we investigate the consequence-based algorithms that are nowadays commonly used for subsumption reasoning with description logic ontologies, presenting the following novel results. 3. importance or significance: . First, we present a very general consequence-based . right thing to do." Results-based ethics, on the other hand, are based on the belief that a behavior should be executed based upon the consequences of the . Understand the reasoning behind the ethical principle or behavior. We present algorithms for reasoning using forward message-passing and using backward message-passing with partitions of logical axioms. A syllogism consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. A belief or principle that guides action or . 2. Juan and Joe are good friends. On the one hand, similarly to resolution, they derive formulae entailed by the ontology (thus avoiding the explicit construction of large models), and they are typically worst-case optimal for concept subsumption. We present a consequence-based calculus for concept subsumption and classification in the description logic ALCHOIQ, which extends ALC with role hierarchies, inverse roles, number restrictions, and nominals. Consequence-based reasoning first looks for alternative ways to alter the current situation. This structure is explained in the Scalia and Garner reading. The most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning is known as? defined happiness as a set of higher order pleasures, such as intellectual, aesthetic, and social enjoyments instead of sensual. in this paper we present dls are no longer polynomial, the extended procedures re- a consequence-based procedure for alch that main computationally optimal and exhibit "pay-as-you-go" overcomes this difficulty by using rules similar to behaviour, e.g., remain polynomial for el ontologies. Associated with each partition is a reasoning procedure. We present a consequence-based calculus for concept subsumption and classification in the description logic . In this paper we present a consequence-based procedure for ALCH that overcomes . Mill. Ethical reasoning holds two roles in life: Description logics (DLs) are knowledge representation formalisms with numerous applications and well-understood model-theoretic semantics and computational properties.SRIQ is a DL that provides the logical underpinning for the semantic web language OWL 2, which is the W3C standard for knowledge representation on the web.. A central component of most DL applications is an efficient and scalable . Consequence-based reasoning combines ideas from hypertableaux and resolution in a way that has proved very effective in . consequence-based theory . the most common form of consequence oriented reasoning, in which the good resides in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain. 1. the doctrine or the principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art. By using standard transformations, our calculus extends to SROIQ, which covers all of OWL 2 DL except for datatypes. 2. Deontological (duty-based) ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their actions. A paradigmatic case of consequence-based reasoning is when a judge chooses the alternative which is expected to maximise social welfare. Make the decision. On the one hand, similarly to resolution, they derive formulae entailed by the ontology (thus avoiding the explicit construction of large February, 2016. Berlin : Springer, 2011. pp. it is generally understood as the capacity to be one's own person, to make decisions based on one's own reasons and motives, not manipulated or dictated to by external forces. Up to now, however, they were proposed for either Horn DLs (which do not support disjunction), or for DLs without counting quantifiers. A natural consequence to leaving the tricycles out on the playground may be that they become wet and can't be used the next day. Agents capture a suspect who, they believe, has information about where the bomb is planted. • Visual Perception For your client's reasoning abilities to be effective, it is important that he visually perceives information in the correct manner. Consequential reasoning involves several steps to arrive at a morally right or just decision or action. Download PDF Abstract: We present a consequence-based calculus for concept subsumption and classification in the description logic ALCHOIQ, which extends ALC with role hierarchies, inverse roles, number restrictions, and nominals. Click again to see term 1/27 Previous ← Next → Flip Space Sets with similar terms Law & Ethics Ch. Secondly, I will introduce the concept of consequence-based reasoning and show that the typical normative claims of law and economics based on economic efficiency can be interpreted as consequence-based arguments of a special kind. In simple words, the consequence-oriented approach stresses that no action is right or wrong, but it depends on the activities' results, and basically, the results make an effort wrong or right. Answer: the fathers of utilitarianism. 1.1 Consequence-Based Reasoning Consequence-based classification algorithms were first introduced for the tractable EL family of DLs [10]. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): In this paper we investigate the consequence-based algorithms that are nowadays commonly used for subsumption reasoning with description logic ontologies, presenting the following novel results. Step 5. Internal systems should be evaluated throughout the decision-making process. 2. a formulated hypothesis or, loosely speaking, any hypothesis or opinion not based upon actual knowledge. a mental act whereby starting with several judgments which we relate to one another. the conclusion reached by a line of reasoning; inference. Deductive and Inductive Consequence. In the sense of logical consequence central to the current tradition, such "necessary sufficiency" distinguishes deductive validity from inductive validity. Cserne, P. / Consequence-based arguments in legal reasoning : A jurisprudential preface to law and economics. Copy. 2012, Bate et al. editor / K. Mathis. Explanation: utilitarianism the most common form of consequence oriented reasoning, in which the good resides in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain. In this paper we present a novel consequence-based . In inductively valid arguments, the (joint) truth of the premises is . If we look in an old dictionary we find the following definition: "the science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science; a particular system of principles and rules concertning duty, whether true or false; rules of practice in respect to a single class of human actions; as, political or social ethics; medical ethics É" and . Index Study Guide Overview: what is ethics. The consequence-based reasoning algorithm for ALCI takes O, Q, a context structure D = 〈 V, E, core, ≺ 〉 over L with E = ∅, an expansion strategy strategy, and a covering mapping ϑ from Q to D. The algorithm (nondeterministically) extends D and computes a clause system S for the extended context structure as follows. A logical consequence that may follow throwing sand out of the sand table is that the sand table is n. 1. a. utilitarian or consequences-based approach; and virtues-based approach. Juan and Joe are working the night shift, and while playing around . In this paper we present a consequence-based procedure for ALCH that overcomes . . For example, an organization that emphasizes "an "end justifies the means" approach to decision making, a drawback of consequence-based reasoning, might undervalue the role of internal systems and place greater emphasis on achieving a specific goal. First, justify your decision using duty-oriented reasoning. Whereas consequentialism is concerned with actions consequences, deontology is concerned with the obligation or duty motivating the decision (Brooks, 2007, p. 330). There are three major ethical approaches that managers might use in making an ethical choice - a utilitarian or consequence approach, a negative or positive rights approach, or a virtue-based . This theory concedes that there are certain truths that all individuals must adhere to equally and without exception. for knowledge representation with numerous applications. The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act . Consequence-based ontology reasoning procedures have so far been known only for Horn ontology languages. . Deontology is the ethical theory that is concerned with duties and rights. The most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning is known as? Consequence-based (CB) reasoning [9] has emerged as a successful paradigm for e ciently solving such reasoning tasks. reasoning, leaders will be better prepared to face tough decisions.8 Unfortunately, these passages from the Army's leadership manual does not provide a lot . A key feature of our calculus is its pay-as-you-go behaviour: unlike . 1. Rule-based ethical reasoning determines whether an act in and of itself is right or wrong. Consequence-based calculi are a family of reasoning algorithms for description logics (DLs), and they combine hypertableau and resolution in a way that often achieves excellent performance in practice. Secondly, I will introduce the concept of consequence-based reasoning and show that the typical normative claims of law and economics based on economic efficiency can be interpreted as consequence-based arguments of a special kind. Consequence-based reasoning is a promising approach to DL reasoning which can be traced back to the work of Franz Baader and his group on e cient sub-sumption algorithms for the ELfamily of DLs circa 2004. Duty-Oriented Reasoning: A Matter of Principle. Consequence-based ontology reasoning procedures have so far been known only for Horn ontology languages. Consequence-based reasoning combines ideas from hypertableaux and resolution in a In this paper we present a novel consequence-based . The present study designed a "To Do or Not To Do" website for students to explore moral dilemma situations and exercise consequence-based moral reasoning. The second step identifies all those affected by an action. computation of subsumers for different concepts can be done with lim-ited interaction which enables concurrent [9] and incremental reasoning [7]). Reasoning is the ability to assess things rationally by applying logic based on new or existing information when making a decision or solving a problem. 2005, Kazakov2009, Kazakov et al. consequence synonyms, consequence pronunciation, consequence translation, English dictionary definition of consequence. In this paper we investigate the consequence-based algorithms that are nowadays commonly used for subsumption reasoning with description logic ontologies, presenting the following novel results. A key feature of our calculus is its pay-as-you . Our contribu-tions are as follows: 1. The first step involves specifying the action under consideration. Synonyms: aftereffect, aftermath, backwash… Antonyms: antecedent, causation, cause… Find the right word. Information about subsequent parts in the mechanism is used to make a decision about prior parts. In this paper we present a consequence-based procedure for ALCHthat Looking at the role of consequence-based reasoning in the canon of acceptable arguments in the main European jurisdictions and in the United States, under different names and with a varying degree of openness . Define consequence-based theory. Consequence-based calculi are a family of reasoning algorithms for description logics (DLs), and they combine hypertableau and resolution in a way that often achieves excellent performance in practice. They both graduated from the same program and have gone to work in the same radiography department. . Juan and Joe are good friends. Duty-oriented theory designates the right or wrong of actions based on the given action and does not base it on personal consequences or circumstances. Some arguments are such that the (joint) truth of the premises is necessarily sufficient for the truth of the conclusions. 1. Something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition. On the one hand, similarly to resolution, . Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach. By using standard transformations, our calculus extends to SROIQ, which covers all of OWL 2 DL except for datatypes. such algorithms are sometimes called consequence-based. REE. Efficiency, sustainability, and justice to future generations. After evaluating all the alternatives, decide on a course of action. Individuals are able to act in such as way as to enhance or decrease the quality of the lives of others, and generally know the difference between helping and harming. The government creates and enforces laws in order to protect the citizens and the unity of society. This step uses decidedly consequence-based criteria. . 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